Visual electrophysiology in children
Keywords:
visual evoked potentials, electroretinography, children, visual electrophysiology, paediatricsAbstract
Background: Electrophysiological assessment of vision in children helps to recognise abnormal development of the visual system when it is still susceptible to medication and eventual correction. Visual electrophysiology provides information about the function of the retina (retinal pigment epithelium, cone and rod receptors, bipolar, amacrine, and ganglion cells), optic nerve, chiasmal and postchiasmal visual pathway, and visual cortex.
Methods: Electroretinograms (ERG) and visual evoked potentials (VEP) are recorded non-invasively; in infants are recorded simultaneously ERG with skin electrodes, while in older children separately ERG with HK loop electrode in accordance with ISCEV (International Society for Clinical Electrophysiology of Vision) recommendations.
Results: Clinical and electrophysiological changes in children with nystagmus, Leber’s congenital amaurosis, achromatopsia, congenital stationary night blindness, progressive retinal dystrophies, optic nerve hypoplasia, albinism, achiasmia, optic neuritis and visual pathway tumours are presented.
Conclusions: Electrophysiological tests can help to indicate the nature and the location of dysfunction in unclear ophthalmological and/or neurological cases.
Downloads
References
Stirn-Kranjc B, Brecelj J. Electrophysiology as a diagnostic aid in pediatric ophthalmology. Zdrav Vestn 1993; 62 Suppl 1: 91–7.
Brecelj J, Štrucl M. Some anatomical and physiological aspects of clinical electrophysiology of vision. Zdrav Vestn 1993; 62 Suppl 1: 47–55.
Fulton AB, Hartmann EE, Hansen RM. Electrophysiologic testing techniques for children. Doc Ophthalmol 1989; 71: 341–54.
Apkarian P, Spekreijse H. The use of the electroretinogram and visual evoked potentials in ophthalmogenetics. In: Desmedt JE, ed. Visual evoked potentials. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 1990. p. 169–223.
Apkarian P. Electrodiagnosis in paediatric ophthalmogenetics. Int J Psychophysiol 1994a; 16: 229–43.
Apkarian P. Visual evoked potential assessment of visual function in pediatric neuroophthalmology. In: Albert DM, Jakobiec FA, eds. Principles and practice of ophthalmology, basic sciences. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1994b. p. 622–47.
Kriss T, Thompson D. Visual electrophysiology. In: Taylor D, ed. Paediatric ophthalmology. Chapter 9. 2nd ed. Oxford: Blackwell; 1997. p. 93–121.
Brecelj J. Elektrofiziološko vrednotenje vida pri otrocih. Med Razgl 1998; 37 Suppl 4: 348–53.
Thompson D, Liasis A. Pediatric visual electrodiagnosis. In: Taylor D, Hoyt CS, eds. Pediatric ophthalmology and strabismus. Chapter 11. 3rd ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier Saunders; 2005. p. 87–96.
Brecelj J. Vidni evocirani potenciali in elektrofiziološko ocenjevanje vidne poti. Med Razgl 1994; 33: 339–59.
Tremblay F, Parkinson JE. Alteration of electroretinographic recordings when performed under sedation or halogenate anesthesia in a pediatric population. Doc Ophthalmol 2003; 107: 271–9.
Kriss A, Russell-Eggitt I. Electrophysiological assessment of visual pathway function in infants. Eye 1992; 6: 145–53.
Kriss A, Jeffrey B, Taylor D. The electroretinogram in infants and young children. J Clin Neurophysiol 1992; 9(3): 373–93.
Kriss A. Visual electrophysiological testing of young children. Zdrav Vestn 1993; 62 Suppl 1: 85–90.
Kriss A. Skin ERGs: their effectiveness in paediatric visual assessment, confounding factors, and comparison with ERGs recorded using various types of corneal electrode. Int J Psychophysiol 1994; 16: 137–46.
Marmor MF. Standardization notice: EOG standard reapproved. Doc Ophthalmol 1998; 95: 91–2.
Marmor MF, Holder GE, Seelinger MW, Yamamoto S. Standard for clinical electroretinography (2004 update). Doc Ophthalmol 2004; 108: 107–14.
Marmor MF, Hood DC, Keating D, Kondo M, Seelinger MW, Miyake Y. Guidelines for basic multifocal electroretinography (mfERG). Doc Ophthalmol 2003; 106: 105–15.
Bach M, Hawlina M, Holder GE, Marmor MF, Meigen T, Vaegan, Miyake Y. Standard for pattern electroretinography. Doc Ophthalmol 2000; 101:11–8.
Odom JV, Bach M, Barber C, Brigell M, Marmor MF, Tormene AP, et al. Visual evoked potentials standard (2004). Doc Ophthalmol 2004; 108: 115–23.
Hawlina M. New noncorneal HK-loop electrode for clinical electroretinography. Doc Ophthalmol 1992; 81: 253–9.
Brecelj J, Stirn-Kranjc B, Škrbec M. Visual electrophysiology in children with tumours affecting the visual pathway. Doc Ophthalmol 2000; 101: 125–54.
Casteels I, Harris CM, Shawkat FS, Taylor D. Nystagmus in infancy. Brit J Ophthalmol 1992; 76: 434–7.
Brecelj J, Stirn-Kranjc B. Visual electrophysiological screening in diagnosing infants with congenital nystagmus. Clin Neurophysiol 2004; 115(2): 461–70.
Lambert SR, Taylor D, Kriss A. The infant with nystagmus, normal appearing fundi, but an abnormal ERG. Surv Ophthalmol 1989; 34: 173–86.
Brecelj J, Stirn-Kranjc B. ERG and VEP follow-up study in children with Leber’s congenital amaurosis. Eye 1999; 13: 47–54.
Michaelides M, Holder G, Moore AT. Pediatric visual electrodiagnosis. In: Taylor D, Hoyt CS, eds. Pediatric Ophthalmology and Stabismus. Chapter 52. 3rd ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier Saunders; 2005. p. 531–57.
Jarc-Vidmar M, Kraut A, Hawlina M. Fundus autofluorescence imaging in Best’s vitelliform dystrophy. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd 2003; 220: 861–7.
Jarc-Vidmar M, Popovič P, Hawlina M, Brecelj J. Pattern ERG and psychophysical functions in Best’s disease. Doc Ophthalmol 2001; 103: 47–61.
Jarc-Vidmar M, Popovič P, Hawlina M, Brecelj J. Elektrookulografija in slikovna elektroretinografija v diagnostiki Bestove viteliformne distrofije. Zdrav Vestn 2002; 71 Suppl 2: II-109–18.
Lois N, Holder GE, Bunce C, Fitzke FW, Bird AC. Phenotypic subtypes of Stargardt macular dystrophy – fundus flavimaculatus. Arch Ophthalmol 2001; 119: 359–69.
Popovič P, Jarc-Vidmar M, Brecelj J, Hawlina M. Slikovna elektroretinografija v primerjavi s kinetično in statično perimetrijo in vidno ostrino pri pigmentni retinopatiji. Zdrav Vestn 2002; 71 Suppl 2: II-119–24.
Brecelj J, Stirn-Kranjc B. Electrophysiologic evaluation of the visual pathway in children – Case reports. Doc Ophthalmol 1992; 79: 313–23.
Kriss A, Russell-Eggitt I, Taylor D. Childhood albinism. Visual electrophysiological features. Ophthalmol Paediatr Genet 1990; 11(3): 185–92.
Apkarian P, Reits D, Spekreijse H, Dorp van D. A decisive electrophysiological test for human albinism. Electroenceph Clin Neurophysiol 1983; 55(5): 513–31.
Apkarian P, Bour L, Barth PG. A unique achiasmatic anomaly detected in non-albinos with misrouted retinal-fugal projections. Eur J Neurosci 1993; 6(3): 501–7.
Thompson DA, Kriss A, Chong K, Harris C, Russell-Eggitt I, Shawat F, et al. Visual evoked potential evidence of chiasmal hypoplasia. Ophthalmology 1999; 106: 2354–61.
Jansonius NM, van der Vliet TAM, Cornelissen FW, Pott JWR, Kooijman AC. A girl without a chiasm: electrophysiologic and MRI evidence for the absence of crossing optic nerve fibers in a girl with a congenital nystagmus. J Neuroophthalmol 2001; 21: 26–9.
Korff CM, Apkarian P, Bour LJ, Meuli R, Verrey JD, Roulet Perez E. Isolated absence of optic chiasm revealed by congenital nystagmus, MRI and VEPs. Neuropediatrics 2003; 32: 219–23.
Brecelj J, Stirn-Kranjc B, Pečarič-Meglič N, Škrbec M. Hipoplazija kiazme – oftalmološki, elektrofiziološki in magnetnoresonančni prikaz pri dveh otrocih z nistagmusom. 5. slovenski oftalmološki kongres z mednarodno udeležbo, 28. mednarodni simpozij oftalmologov Slovenije in Hrvaške; 2004 Jun 3-5; Ljubljana, Slovenija. Ljubljana: Združenje oftalmologov Slovenije; 2004.
Tekavčič-Pompe M, Stirn-Kranjc B, Brecelj J. Suspected optic neuritis in children. A clinical and VEP study. In: Stålberg EV, De Weerd AW, Zidar J, eds. 9th European congress of clinical neurophysiology. Bologna: Monduzzi Editore; 1998. p. 245–9.
Brecelj J, Stirn-Kranjc B, Tekavčič-Pompe M. A VEP and PERG study in children with suspected optic neuritis. In: Hashimoto I, Kakigi R, eds. Recent advances in human neurophysiology. Excerpta Medica, International Congress Series 1162. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 1998. p. 496–501.
Tekavčič-Pompe M, Stirn-Kranjc B, Brecelj J. Optic neuritis in children: an electrophysiological and clinical follow-up study. Doc Ophthalmol 2003; 107: 261–70.
Westall CA, Nobile R, Morong S, Buncic RJ, Logan WJ, Panton CM. Changes in the electroretinogram resulting from discontinuation of vigabatrin in children. Doc Ophthalmol 2003; 107: 299–309.
Brecelj J, Štrucl M, Zidar I, Tekavčič-Pompe M. Pattern ERG and VEP maturation in schoolchildren. Clin Neurophysiol 2002; 113: 1764–70.
Brecelj J. From immature to mature pattern ERG and VEP. Doc Ophthalmol 2003; 107: 215–24.
Fulton AB, Hansen RM, Westall CA. Development of ERG responses: The ISCEV rod, maximal and cone responses in normal subjects. Doc Ophthalmol 2003; 107: 235–41.
Tekavčič-Pompe M, Brecelj J, Stirn-Kranjc B. Kako testirati barvni vid pri otroku. Zdrav Vestn 2004; 73: 451–4.
Brecelj J, Štrucl M, Raič V. Do visual neurophysiological tests reflect magnocellular deficit in dyslexic children? Eur J Physiol 1996; 431 Suppl 2: R299– 300.
Brecelj J, Štrucl M, Raič V. Simultaneous pattern electroretinogram and visual evoked potential recordings in dyslexic children. Doc Ophthalmol 1998; 94: 355–64.
Balachandran C, Klistorner AI, Billson F. Multifocal VEP in children: its maturation and clinical application. Br J Ophthalmol 2004; 72: 226–32.
Downloads
Issue
Section
License
The Author transfers to the Publisher (Slovenian Medical Association) all economic copyrights following form Article 22 of the Slovene Copyright and Related Rights Act (ZASP), including the right of reproduction, the right of distribution, the rental right, the right of public performance, the right of public transmission, the right of public communication by means of phonograms and videograms, the right of public presentation, the right of broadcasting, the right of rebroadcasting, the right of secondary broadcasting, the right of communication to the public, the right of transformation, the right of audiovisual adaptation and all other rights of the author according to ZASP.
The aforementioned rights are transferred non-exclusively, for an unlimited number of editions, for the term of the statutory
The Author can make use of his work himself or transfer subjective rights to others only after 3 months from date of first publishing in the journal Zdravniški vestnik/Slovenian Medical Journal.
The Publisher (Slovenian Medical Association) has the right to transfer the rights of acquired parties without explicit consent of the Author.
The Author consents that the Article be published under the Creative Commons BY-NC 4.0 (attribution-non-commercial) or comparable licence.
