Vpliv prehrane na črevesno mikrobioto
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.6016/ZdravVestn.3005Ključne besede:
prehrana, črevesna mikrobiota, polifenoli, probiotiki, prebiotikiPovzetek
Črevesna mikrobiota je kompleksna skupnost, sestavljena iz milijarde mikroorganizmov, ki živijo z gostiteljem in se mu vse življenje prilagajajo. V zadnjem času je napredek metod sekvencioniranja DNK visoke zmogljivosti omogočil identificiranje posameznih vrst bakterij v vzorcu blata, metoda masne spektrometrije identifikacijo njihovih presnovkov, oboje pa veliko raziskav na tem področju. Postalo je očitno, da igra črevesna mikrobiota pomembno vlogo pri zdravju ljudi in vpliva na tveganje za razvoj številnih kroničnih bolezni, vključno z debelostjo, vnetno črevesno boleznijo, diabetesom tipa 2, srčno-žilnimi boleznimi in rakom. Raznolik ekosistem v črevesju zajema bakterije, viruse, fage, kvasovke, arheje, glive in protozoje. Odgovorni so za tvorbo bioaktivnih presnovkov, uravnavanje imunskega delovanja, energijsko homeostazo in zaščito pred patogenimi mikroorganizmi. Te funkcije so odvisne od raznolikosti in številčnosti mikrobiote, ki pa je med drugim tudi odraz prehranjevalnih navad in genetike gostitelja. Črevesna mikrobiota tako kaže pomembne razlike med posamezniki. Prehrana in življenjski slog sta pomembna dejavnika pri oblikovanju mikrobiote. Uporaba antibiotikov, različni sanitarni ukrepi, uživanje predelane hrane in različne diete se kažejo tudi v spremembah sestave mikrobiote črevesja. Nekatere dramatične prehranske spremembe lahko povzročijo hitre spremembe v sestavi črevesne mikrobiote, in sicer že v 24 urah, nekatere od teh sprememb pa je težko povrniti v prvotno sestavo. Z moduliranjem sestave črevesne mikrobiote ponuja prehrana orodje za zmanjšanje tveganja za razvoj bolezni, hkrati pa izboljša kakovost življenja in vpliva na podaljšanje življenjske dobe. Namen preglednega članka je predstaviti dosedanje znanje o vplivu prehrane in posameznih sestavin hrane, in sicer ogljikovih hidratov, beljakovin, maščob in polifenolov na sestavo črevesne mikrobiote.
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