Beyond cervical cancer: Human papillomaviruses infection-related neoplasms and their prevention
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.6016/ZdravVestn.3037Keywords:
human papillomaviruses, benign and malignant anogenital lesions, neoplasms of the head and neck, vaccinationAbstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPV) are a very heterogenic group of viruses, which are etiologically related to many benign and malignant neoplastic lesions of squamous epithelium. They are also involved in adenocarcinoma carcinogenesis. It is wrong to believe that cervical cancer represents the only neoplasm that HPV is connected to. Studies have confirmed the connection between HPV infection and anogenital warts, respiratory and laryngeal papillomatosis, head and neck carcinomas and, last but not least, vulvar and vaginal carcinoma, rectal carcinoma and penile cancer. HPV infection is known as the most common sexually transmitted disease in developed countries, nearly all sexually active people will get HPV at some time in their life. Late age of sexual debut, low number of sexual partners and protective behaviour can prevent from acquiring the HPV infection. At the moment, there is no specific antiviral treatment for the HPV. The best-known method that can prevent HPV infection is vaccination. Vaccination against most common genotypes is considered as the most successful preventive measure to prevent most of the severe precancerous changes, cervical cancer and other benign and malignant lesions caused by HPV infection.
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References
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<p>3. Gale N, Poljak M, Luzar B, Vizjak A, Volavšek M, Cardes A. Tumorji v povezavi z okužbo s Človeškimi virusi papilloma (HPV). In: XLII. memorialni sestanek profesorja Janeza Plečnika z mednarodnim simpozijem. 1.-2. december 2011; Ljubljana, Slovenija. Ljubljana: Inštitut za patologijo, Medicinska fakulteta; 2011.</p>
<p>4. Andersson S, Rylander E, Larsson B, Strand A, Silfversvärd C, Wilander E. The role of human papillomavirus in cervical adenocarcinoma carcinogenesis. Eur J Cancer. 2001;37(2):P246-50.</p>
<p>5. Poljak M, Petrovec M. Medicinska virologija. Ljubljana: Medicinski razgledi; 2001. pp. 41-59.</p>
<p>6. Ema Europa. Povzetek glavnih značilnosti zdravila Gardasil. Amsterdam: European medicines agencies; 2019 [cited 2019 Apr 16]. Available from: <a href="https://ema.europa.eu/documents/product-information/gardasil-9-epar-product-information_sl.pdf">https://ema.europa.eu/documents/product-information/gardasil-9-epar-product-information_sl.pdf</a>.</p>
<p>7. Poljak M, Kocjan B, Seme K, Fujs Komloš K, Potočnik M, Luzar B, et al. Humani virusi papiloma (HPV). Onkologija. 2005;9(2):60-72.</p>
<p>8. Burchell AN, Winer RL, de Sanjosé S, Franco EL. Chapter 6: epidemiology and transmission dynamics of genital HPV infection. Vaccine. 2006;24:S3.<br />DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.05.031">10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.05.031</a><br />PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16950018">16950018</a></p>
<p>9. Bruni L, Diaz M, Castellsagué X, Ferrer E, Bosch FX, de Sanjosé S. Cervical human papillomavirus prevalence in 5 continents: meta-analysis of 1 million women with normal cytological findings. J Infect Dis. 2010;202(12):1789-99.<br />DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1086/657321">10.1086/657321</a><br />PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21067372">21067372</a></p>
<p>10. Flint SJ, Enquist LW, Racaniello VR, Skalka AM. Principles of virology, Molecular Biology, Pathogenesis, and Control of Animal Viruses. 2nd ed. Washington: American Society for Microbiology; 2004.</p>
<p>11. Takač I, Geršak KGinekologija in porodništvo. Maribor: Univerza v Mariboru; 2016. p. 134, 243.</p>
<p>12. Onkološki inšitut. Program in register Zora. Ljubljana: Onkološki inštitut; 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 26]. Available from: <a href="https://zora.onko-i.si/">https://zora.onko-i.si/</a>.</p>
<p>13. Ivanuš U, Jerman T, Fokter AR, Takac I, Prevodnik VK, Marcec M, et al. Randomised trial of HPV self-sampling among non-attenders in the Slovenian cervical screening programme ZORA: comparing three different screening approaches. Radiol Oncol. 2018;52(4):399-412.<br />DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.2478/raon-2018-0036">10.2478/raon-2018-0036</a><br />PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30216191">30216191</a></p>
<p>14. Dovnik A, Repše Fokter A. P16/Ki-67 immunostaining in the triage of postmenopausal women with low-grade cytology results. J Low Genit Tract Dis. 2020;24(3):235-7.<br />DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1097/LGT.0000000000000539">10.1097/LGT.0000000000000539</a><br />PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32574476">32574476</a></p>
<p>15. Dovnik A, Repše-Fokter A. p16/Ki-67 immunostaining in the triage of young women with LSIL, ASC-US, and ASC-H cytology. Diagn Cytopathol. 2020;48(1):96-7.<br />DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/dc.24339">10.1002/dc.24339</a><br />PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31714671">31714671</a></p>
<p>16. Šekoranja D, Repše Fokter A. Triaging atypical squamous cells - cannot exclude high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion with p16/Ki67 dual stain. J Low Genit Tract Dis. 2017;21(2):108-11.<br />DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1097/LGT.0000000000000297">10.1097/LGT.0000000000000297</a><br />PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28244884">28244884</a></p>
<p>17. Takač I, Uršič-Vrščaj M, Repše-Fokter A, Kodric T, Rakar S, Mozina A, et al. Clinicopathological characteristics of cervical cancer between 2003 and 2005, after the introduction of a national cancer screening program in Slovenia. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2008;140(1):82-9.<br />DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejogrb.2008.02.019">10.1016/j.ejogrb.2008.02.019</a><br />PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18400358">18400358</a></p>
<p>18. Ball SL, Winder DM, Vaughan K, Hanna N, Levy J, Sterling JC, et al. Analyses of human papillomavirus genotypes and viral loads in anogenital warts. J Med Virol. 2011;83(8):1345-50.<br />DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.22111">10.1002/jmv.22111</a><br />PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21678438">21678438</a></p>
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Beyond cervical cancer: Human papillomaviruses infection-related neoplasms and their prevention. ZdravVestn [Internet]. 2021 Apr. 30 [cited 2024 Sep. 28];90(3-4):208-1. Available from: https://vestnik.szd.si/index.php/ZdravVest/article/view/3037
